Slaves Who Built the White House

It has never been a closely held secret that enslaved Americans were part of the work force that built the White House and the United States Capitol. But the role of slaves in the building of great national symbols has generally been overlooked, or, even worse, purposely obscured. The role of enslaved workers had been so widely ignored that when First Lady Michelle Obama made reference to slaves building the White House, in her speech at the Democratic National Convention in July 2016, many people questioned the statement. Yet what the First Lady said was accurate. And if the idea of slaves building symbols of freedom such as the White House and Capitol seems odd today, in the 1790s no one would have thought much of it. The new federal city of Washington would be surrounded by the states of Maryland and Virginia, both of which had economies that depended on the labor of enslaved people. And the new city had to be constructed on the site of farmland and forests. Countless trees had to be cleared and hills had to be leveled. When the buildings began to rise, massive amounts of stone had to be transported to construction sites. Besides all the grueling physical labor, skilled carpenters, quarry workers, and masons would be needed. The use of slave labor in that environment would have been seen as ordinary. And that is probably why there are so few accounts of the enslaved workers and exactly what they did. The National Archives holds records which document that the owners of slaves were paid for the work performed in the 1790s. But the records are sparse, and only list slaves by first names and by the names of their owners. Where Did the Slaves In Early Washington Come From? From the existing pay records, we can know that the slaves who worked on the White House and the Capitol were generally the property of land owners from nearby Maryland. In the 1790s there were a number of large estates in Maryland worked by slave labor, so it would not have been difficult to hire slaves to come to the site of the new federal city. At that time, some counties of southern Maryland would have contained more slaves than free people. During most of the years of construction of the White House and Capitol, from 1792 to 1800, the commissioners of the new city would have hired about 100 slaves as workers. Recruiting the enslaved workers may have been a fairly casual situation of simply relying on established contacts. Researchers have noted that one of the commissioners responsible for building the new city, Daniel Carroll, was a cousin of Charles Carroll of Carrollton, and a member of one of Marylands most politically connected families. And some slave  owners who were paid for the labor of their enslaved workers had connections to the Carroll family. So its conceivable that Daniel Carroll simply contacted people he knew and arranged to hire enslaved workers from their farms and estates. What Work Was Performed By Slaves? There were several phases of work that needed to be done. Firstly, there was a need for ax men, workers skilled at felling trees and clearing land. The plan for the city of Washington called for an elaborate network of streets and wide avenues, and the work of clearing timber had to be done fairly precisely. Its likely that owners of large estates in Maryland would have had slaves with considerable experience at clearing land. So hiring workers who were quite competent would not have been difficult. The next phase included moving timber and stone from forests and quarries in Virginia. Much of that work was probably done by slave labor, laboring miles from the  site of the new city. And when the building material was brought to the site of present day Washington, D.C., by barges, it would have been transported to the building sites on heavy wagons. The skilled masons working on the White House and Capitol were probably helped by tending masons, who would have been semi-skilled workers. Many of them were probably slaves, though its believed that free whites and enslaved blacks worked at those jobs. A later phase of construction required a considerable number of carpenters to frame and finish the insides of the buildings. The sawing of large amounts of lumber was also likely the work of enslaved workers. When the work on the buildings was finished, its assumed that the enslaved workers returned to the estates where they had come from. Some of the slaves might have only worked for a single year, or a few years, before returning to the enslaved populations on Maryland estates. The role of the slaves who worked on the White House and Capitol was essentially hidden in plain sight for many years. The records existed, but as it was an ordinary work arrangement at the time, no one would have found it unusual. And as most early president owned slaves, the idea of slaves being associated with the presidents house would have seemed ordinary. The lack of recognition for those enslaved workers has been addressed in recent years. A memorial to them has been placed in the U.S. Capitol. And in 2008 CBS News broadcast a segment on the slaves who built the White House.

Analysis Of Grey s Anatomy And Television Show On Abc

Introduction Grey’s Anatomy is a popular television show on ABC that airs Thursday night’s at 7:00. In television land, this is known as a primetime slot. Season 11 has an average of 8.22 million viewers and has been renewed for one more season (Grey s Anatomy TV Show on ABC). Grey’s Anatomy is well-known for its mind blowing medical scenarios and incredibly talented doctors. Both of these leave viewers with pondering thoughts of what they would do in similar situations, and a bit of self confidence on handling a situation if an actual person collapsed in front of them. The study will examine the amount of viewers who binge watch the show between the ages of 17 and 21 declaring Pre-Med as their major at a four-year university because they believe it will be as easy as the television show depicts being a doctor is. Theory Framing Framing as defined by Robert Entman is â€Å"to frame a communicating text or message is to promote certain facets of a ‘perceived reality’ and make them more salient in such a way that endorses a specific problem definition, casual interpretation, moral evaluation, and/or a treatment recommendation (Cissel 68).† Framing is an extension of agenda-setting, which is when the media tells us what to think about (Sparks 228). By stimulating people’s thinking processes, the media can alter the outcome of their viewers thoughts. If Beyoncà © decided to do a surprise show in a small town of less than 100,000 people, the media could choose to cover the storyShow MoreRelatedDiversity at Disney5774 Words   |  24 Pages Disney Disney 2 For more than nine decades, the name Walt Disney has been preeminent in the field of family entertainment. From humble beginnings as a cartoon studio in the 1920s to today s global corporation, Disney continues to proudly provide quality entertainment for every member of the family, across America and around the world. The company is diversified, focusing on its mass media headquartered in Burbank, California (Iger, 2012)Read MoreStrategic Marketing Management337596 Words   |  1351 PagesStrategic and marketing analysis 2 Marketing auditing and the analysis of capability 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 Learning objectives Introduction Reviewing marketing effectiveness The role of SWOT analysis Competitive advantage and the value chain Conducting effective audits Summary 3 Segmental, productivity and ratio analysis 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 3.11 3.12 Learning objectives Introduction The clarification of cost categories Marketing cost analysis: aims and methods An illustrationRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pageslamentable. Taken together, the key themes and processes that have been selected as the focus for each of the eight essays provide a way to conceptualize the twentieth century as a coherent unit for teaching, as well as for written narrative and analysis. Though they do not exhaust the crucial strands of historical development that tie the century together—one could add, for example, nationalism and decolonization—they cover in depth the defining phenomena of that epoch, which, as the essays demonstrate

Vasilauskas Callie Unit Free Essays

At first England is referred to as, ‘This other Eden, deem-paradise/ This fortress built by nature for herself’ (2. 1, p. 677-720, 41-44). We will write a custom essay sample on Vasilauskas Callie Unit or any similar topic only for you Order Now Gaunt compared the garden of England to the Garden of Eden, Gods Garden! Soon that image is destroyed with descriptions of England defeating itself, much like pests and rodents destroying a garden from the inside out. Referencing both the Garden Of Eden and the internal destruction of the garden, it is obvious that this speech is more than just rambling about flowers and bugs. Describing England as much more than just place to live while also commenting how it is those that live in England that will destroy it is much more religious than some might think. While in the Duke of Works garden, it becomes evident who the â€Å"pests† of the garden really are. King Richard and his merry men are the parasites that are destroying the Garden of England. â€Å"When our sea walled garden, the whole land is full of weeds/ Her fairest flowers choked up, her fruit trees all unpinned/ Her hedges ruined, her knots disordered and her wholesome herbs swarming with caterpillars (3. , p. 1836-1919, 40-46). In the same scene on lines 51-65, it is made clear that it is the king that has not trimmed and dressed his land. While he does not directly come out and say the word, â€Å"garden†, Blinkered speaks of the, â€Å"Caterpillars of the commonwealth/ Which have sworn to weed out and pluck away† (2. 3, p. 1277-1 357, 166-167). We know, of course, that Blin kered is speaking of the Kings advisors, Bushy, Bogota, and Green. Talking about the pests of the garden that are destroying it is a very important part of the play. Knowing who is letting weeds flourish in the Arden makes it easier to get the plants in a row. In regards to the gardens in the play, feel that Shakespeare was writing on more of a religious front than anything. Using the Garden of Eden as a way to describe England was my first tip off. The beauty, bliss, and purity that we all know of the Garden of Eden made it easy to picture England as a beautiful garden. Once the ugliness and betrayal made an appearance, Adam and Eve and their betrayal to God came to mind. While they could not resist temptation, King Richard could not resist either. He became greedy and money hungry with the desire of land and power. This led to the internal failure of the garden since the main â€Å"gardener† was failing at his duties. Religion was a major undertone in The Tragedy of King Richard II, and when I realized this I finally noticed how wonderful the writing of Shakespeare truly is. Once you get past the different style of writing, it is easy to admire the beauty within the play. It is clear why John of Jaunts speech about the garden is one of the most famous speeches of the play. How to cite Vasilauskas Callie Unit, Papers

Analysis and Evaluation of E-Business Strategy

Question: 1. An original question about e-business that would be worth further research (20% of total). This section is concerned only with defining the problem/.question. Include a short paragraph that explains why it is interesting and a page of plan / research method that shows how your question could be answered. Your idea can be interesting for its own sake pure research. Or it might be useful to a specified organisation applied research. 2. A report to a senior manager of a real organisation on one of the following (80% of total). Or propose a topic of your own but get my approval for it before you start work. Clearly identify which option you are answering. Answer: Introduction E- Business is one of the most innovative technological advancement in the present era. The business strategy is making giant organization upside down while utilizing the internet and associated technologies. The internet has established a new business world, which can facilitate their user at any time and any place they want (Huang and Benyoucef 2013). The organizational heads have to put focus on these new innovative technologies for improving their business according to the competitive market. This report is proposing the system architecture for supporting the E- Business. The organization chosen for this aspect is the Primark situated in UK (Primark - About Us. 2016). One research h question has been suggested for the discussing the above phenomenon and making the impact clear of technology in the E-business. In addition to this, this report is comprised of certain aspects: important application, system architecture of E-Business, difference between the current application of Primark and the application those are supposed to be implemented. Research Question and Methodology Research Question What are the technological advancements and system architecture can be implemented in Primark to support E- Business? Justification of the Research Question The research question is based on the technological and system architecture needed for developing the business of Primark. Primark is based on UK. The agenda of the organization is to provide the goods and services to the civilians of the country within low cost. Providing the goods and services at reasonable prices are the core advantage of the organization (Al 2013). This business structure can be improved more with the help of the E- Business architecture and technological development within the organization. The research question is designed to analyze the methods and plans, with the help of which the organization can improve their condition and develop new strategic structure that will benefit their internal and external business environment. Research Methodology The above mentioned research question will be solved through appropriate methodology technique and analysis tool. Secondary resources and inductive approach will be followed to extract appropriate data and information for the selected research topic. In addition, quantitative analysis technique will go perfect with this research work to select appropriate number of respondents who can help to get knowledge about e-commerce implementation in Primark. Part B: Implementation of E-Business in Primark Plan for Implementing E-Business within Primark Implementation of the E-Business within Primark requires the evolving technology and system architecture to be monitored. These aspects will help the organizational head of Primark to know about these technology and system architecture (Primark - About Us. 2016). In addition to this, after identifying the technologies and system architecture, interrelationship of these systems and technologies have to be analyzed. The benefits of the applications are measured by comparing these advancements with the present applications Primark is using. Summary of the Application and Architecture to be used Three- Tier Architecture E-Business structure is nothing but an IT system that should follow architecture to be implemented into any system. Three-tier architecture is manly utilized for any kind of IT system. Figure 1: Three- Tier Architecture (Source: Hannak et al. 2014, pp-310) Previously, the IT systems moved from the mainframe system to the client based system. In this system the graphical user interface (GUI) is located in the client server (Rodriguez et al. 2014). The client server is mainly comprised of three tiers. First tier: GUI is implemented on the fat or thin client in this tier. Fat client is the personal computer and the thin client is the network computer. Middle tier: the processing logic is of the business is discussed in this tier. This tier is operated by the local server (Lapoule and Colla 2016). Third tier: This tier is providing the back end. This comprised of corporate data, the wide database of the company and the file system storage. Technologies Utilized In E- Business The effective implementation of the E- Business strategies requires some IT- technologies to be implemented. These are discussed below: Information Retrieval: Information retrieval tools are utilized to provide Boolean search capabilities for structured and unstructured text collections (Liu 2015). Google, Yahoo etc are the information retrieval tools. Document Management: This system provides an environment for retrieving, storing authoring the documents. Documents may be simple text based or multimedia based documents. Workflow Management: The workflow management system provides the chance to monitor, execute and define the business process. Managing supply chain, operating bank accounts, hiring new employees fall under this category (Patil and Divekar 2014). Important workflow management systems are: FileNet, IBMs FlowMark etc. Groupware: Previously the e-mail was the main source of communication. Now the Lotus note, Microsoft exchange have provided new sources of operating communication. Data Warehousing: Mass customization is new technology for handling the customer demands according to their personal profile (Chen, Pan and Ouyang 2014). Data warehousing is new technology that automatically maintains the mass marketing. This helps to analyze the customer behavior. Web Application Server: Web application server is used to link the back end system. The back end systems are: documents, database that are being transferred by sending HTTP requests. Object-Oriented Middleware: Web application server is classified as the special type of object oriented middleware (Eaton 2013). The selection of the middle ware depends on the needs of the application. Examples of these are: COM, DSOM permit etc. Process Oriented Package-Ware: Automation of the process is done through the workflow management process but for more innovation, standard software packages are being used towards the user interfaces. Java: Java programming is nominated as the core part technical structure of E- Business, as it provide platform independent software development environment. Interfaces of the Applications The three tier architecture introduces the graphical user interface within the client server. The first tier of the structure maintains the GUI within the clients. The middle tier integrates the business process within the system architecture (Fernie and Sparks 2014). These processes involves the front end and back end sub processes. The third tier involves the back end processes with the transactions. Information retrieval is the first step for implementing the technologies needed for the E- Business. Web search engines like Google, Yahoo, Alta Vista provides the information to be utilized in the document management system. Information is searched among the collected documents. Document management is there in the system for distinguishing the various kinds of documents, which are reviewed by the multiple authors simultaneously (Patil and Divekar 2014). This system comprised of the general purpose tools and integrated documents. This document management system is commonly attached with the workflow management system. Workflow management allows the smooth movement of another process while not touching other rapidly changing IT systems. Boolean searching operation utilizes the AND, NOT, OR operations for making relevant search (Hubner, Kuhn and Wollenburg 2016). If the workflow management system follows ad hoc characteristic, then the groupware and messaging system are used. Messaging is used to make proper communication. The asynchronous messaging system provides the exchange of messages among the Arpanet. The document management capability is tested in this platform. Messaging is utilized to understand the demands of the customers by making proper communication with them. This aspect is only possible with the data warehousing technique. The E- Business process introduces the demands of the customers. The mass marketing is done by applying the data warehousing. The web application server is another element of the technological part of the E- Business. The web application server connects the back end systems. The business organization communicates with the vendors by sending the HTTP requests to the system (Huang and Benyoucef 2013). Object oriented middleware, process oriented package ware and Java these three services are used to communicate with the vendor about their problems and demands. In addition to this, these programming languages are used in the platform to act as the coordinator. Java provides the platform independent software support which can act at any platform (Lapoule and Colla 2016). This aspect makes the program more compatible according to the problematic situations. The server of the web applications includes the documents, user objects and the database connections. These web applications allow the database connection to avoid the expensive functions. These connections every time requests a document when it sends a request. The relational data bases are also connected to the server. The enterprise deployment is done through utilizing tens and thousands of user data. Figure 2: Interface of Technologies in E-Commerce (Source: Solaymani, Sohaili and Yazdinejad 2012, pp-250) The Current System and the proposed System to be implemented The conventional business techniques used by the Primark utilizes many technological facilities though these facilities are not enough to improve the E-business strategies within the organization (Shemi and Proctor 2013). Primark uses web service facility to attract more customers and launch their products and services in an innovative way. This aspect may be resolved with the help of the proposed technological development above. The aspects which can be implemented within the business strategies of Primark are explained as follows: App Development of Primark: The application development is becoming very common in E-business. The application of any particular brand makes their products and services always available to their customers in any situation (Carrillo, Vakharia and Wang 2014). This platform can be provided to the customers by utilizing the group/ messaging, workflow management and data warehousing. This process utilizes the user data to make them aware of the new products and keep them linked with their organization. Therefore, the development of application of Primark helps the brand to involve more into the competitive market. E-Mail Subscription: The organization previously did not follow the e-mail subscription to inform their users. This subscription technique can inform the user and customers about the new product and services (Chen, Pan and Ouyang 2014). The techniques utilized in the e- mail subscription are described as follows: The subscriber sends an e-mail to the auto responder. The program is in built in the auto responder allows the request to be subscribed. All the mandatory information is forwarded to the subscribers. E-mail subscriber can any time check for their requirements according to their demands, this can help the company as well as the individual customers to know about their products and services. Platform Independence of the App: The application to make Primark more popular needs the application to be platform independent. The application should be like this that can be operated in any kind of platform. Java is a software platform that will help the applications to be operated in every platform. The Java language compiles to the virtual machine. The virtual machine is typically a CPU that runs the code written on the specific language (Hirt and Willmott 2014). This code enables the executable binary system to be implemented on the virtual machine. The java processors can be utilized to execute the java code. This is most applied for the embedded system in the practical scenario. The JVM offers access to the OS-system. The mentioned techniques for the JVM are utilized for operating the program (Solaymani, Sohaili and Yazdinejad 2012). Platform independence is well maintained with the help of the Java. Benefits of the Application There are several benefits of the technological advancements those Primark wants to implement in their business. These benefits are explained below with respect to the technological implementations: Benefits of Information Retrieval: The structured and unstructured collection of the texts is searched with respect to the information retrieval tools (Colla and Lapoule 2012). The document management system is generally operates the information retrieval tools. Benefits of Document Management System: The document management system provides support for distinguishing the different versions of documents (Eaton 2013). The text document or multimedia documents are the examples of these documents. The complexity is reduced as the manager knows the type of the document. Benefits of Workflow Management: Workflow management helps to sequentially design the process of the work culture for the E- Business (Fernie and Sparks 2014). This aspect provides the process control that is separated from the core business logic. The workflow management has the limited scope for specialized application. Groupware: E-mail facility allows the entrepreneurs to manage the data for their customers according to their demands and specification (Galliers and Leidner 2014). The groupware is concerned with interaction between the customer and Primark. Data Warehousing: The automatic mass market is enabled by the use of the data warehousing technique. Web Application Server: A Web application server allows Primark to know the buying behavior of their customers (Mohapatra 2013). An HTTP request allows the consumers to know about the state of their order or about any activity they are doing in the online sites. Object Oriented Middleware: There are certain sequences of actions that are placed between the transaction brackets of the transaction. The transaction is totally measured with respect to the object oriented middleware. Process Oriented Package Ware: Process oriented package ware are the software packages, that offers the consumers a standard protocol for operating their online site and also helps to search for the desired options. Java: This is the most important and innovative option for the offering the platform independence to the applications Primark is using (Liu 2015). Java allows every applications of Primark to be platform independent. Recommendations Security Improvement: The application of e-commerce improves the security consumer data. Technological advancements improvise this scope. Increment of Sale: E- commerce system can improve the sale of Primark with the help of the technological advancements. Brand Image: The brand image of Primark can be improvised with the help of the technological advancements. Conclusion E- Business has changed the present scenario of the conventional business. There are several limitations in conventional business. E- Business strategy is introduced by the implementation of the technological advancements within the industry. In this report the concerned organization is Primark. Primark wants to implement new technological advancements within their organization for making improvisation in the field of E- Business. The report is discussing about the current technologies that are utilized by Primark in the present scenario in contrast with the description of the new technologies that can be implemented within the organization. In addition to this, the benefits of the concerned technologies are also discussed with respect to the demands of Primark. References Afshar Jahanshahi, A., X. Zhang, S. and Brem, A., 2013. E-commerce for SMEs: empirical insights from three countries.Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development,20(4), pp.849-865. Al, S. 2013. Interpretive research design: concepts and processes. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 16(4), pp.351-352. Carrillo, J.E., Vakharia, A.J. and Wang, R., 2014. Environmental implications for online retailing.European Journal of Operational Research,239(3), pp.744-755. Chen, J.E., Pan, S.L. and Ouyang, T.H., 2014. Routine reconfiguration in traditional companiese-commerce strategy implementation: A trajectory perspective.Information Management,51(2), pp.270-282. Eaton, S. 2013. The Oxford handbook of empirical legal research. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 16(6), pp.548-550. Fernie, J. and Sparks, L., 2014.Logistics and retail management: emerging issues and new challenges in the retail supply chain. Kogan Page Publishers. Galliers, R.D. and Leidner, D.E., 2014.Strategic information management: challenges and strategies in managing information systems. Routledge. Hirt, M. and Willmott, P., 2014. Strategic principles for competing in the digital age.McKinsey Quarterly,2. Huang, Z. and Benyoucef, M., 2013. From e-commerce to social commerce: A close look at design features.Electronic Commerce Research and Applications,12(4), pp.246-259. Hbner, A., Kuhn, H. and Wollenburg, J., 2016. Last mile fulfilment and distribution in omni-channel grocery retailing: A strategic planning framework.International Journal of Retail Distribution Management,44(3), pp.228-247. Lapoule, P. and Colla, E., 2016. The multi-channel impact on the sales forces management.International Journal of Retail Distribution Management,44(3), pp.248-265. Liu, S.U.N., 2015. The Development and Countermeasures of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises B2B E-commerce.US-China Foreign Language, p.608. Malhotra, B., 2014. E-Business: Issues Challenges in Indian Perspective.Global Journal of Business Management and Information Technology,4(1), pp.11-16. Mohapatra, S., 2013. E-commerce Strategy. InE-Commerce Strategy(pp. 155-171). Springer US. Patil, H. and Divekar, B.R., 2014. Inventory management challenges for B2C e-commerce retailers.Procedia Economics and Finance,11, pp.561-571. Shemi, A. and Proctor, C.T., 2013. Challenges of E-Commerce Adoption in SMEs: An Interpretive Case Study of Botswana.Botswana Journal of Business,6(1), pp.17-30. Solaymani, S., Sohaili, K. and Yazdinejad, E.A., 2012. Adoption and use of e-commerce in SMEs.Electronic Commerce Research,12(3), pp.249-263. www.primark.com, 2016. Primark - About Us. [online] Primark.com. Available at: https://www.primark.com/en/about-us/about-primark [Accessed 11 Aug. 2016].