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Free Research Papers

Free Research Papers Free Research Papers Free Research Papers: Paralympics Games! Before you start writing free research paper, you should choose a topic! While you are choosing, you may read about Sports and Games. This theme is very wide and you may discuss for example some definite kind of sport. People all over the world are very fond of sports and games. That is one of the things, which people of every nationality and class are united. Sport not only helps people to become strong and to develop physically but also makes them more organized and better disciplined in their daily activities. It makes for a healthy mind in a healthy body. Sports help people to keep in good health. Free Research Papers: Paralympics Games. Interesting topic to pay attention is about Paralympics games. Not everyone knows what it is. So, this paragraph is devoted to extra-ordinary kind of sport. The Paralympics Games are a major international multi-sport event where physical disability athletes compete. This competition includes ath letes with mobility disabilities, amputations, blindness, and Cerebral Palsy. In your free research papers you should point out that there are winter and summer Paralympics Games, which are followed Olympic Games. All Paralympics Games are governed by the International Paralympics Committee. For the first time, the Olympic Games for the Deaf people, was hold in Paris in 1924. Disability athletes from injuries of musculoskeletal system have been taking part actively in sports only after the Second World War. The first Paralympics Games were hold in the capital of Italy Rome, in 1960. The competition was attended by 400 athletes from 23 countries. The delegation of athletes in Italy has been the most numerous. Your free research paper should open to the reader such information like:In the beginning of 1976 Paralympics tournament under the guidance of the International disabled people Sports Organization became involved with the amputees, and with very low eyesight.Finally, i n 1992 was created the International Paralympics Committee. Now it includes 162 countries. Paralympics sports include: archery, shooting, athletics, cycling, dressage, fencing, judo, weightlifting, shooting, soccer 7x 7, 5 x 5 football, rowing, swimming, sailing, table tennis, tennis and rugby wheelchair, wheelchair basketball, volleyball, dancing on wheelchair. The participation of these unique people in the Paralympics Games is their feat, and our honor. This sense must be shared in your free research papers. Read this article, may be it will inspire you for writing excellent free research paper.

Developmental Interviews Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Developmental Interviews - Assignment Example According to Erikson, her developmental level reveals she is age appropriate at Industry versus Inferiority, taking into account her many interests, as well as high level of achievement. According to Kohlberg she is at Stage 2 of Pre-conventional Morality, Individualism and Exchange; she said she would either try a trade off with her sister about borrowing something or just wait until her sister was not available and let her own needs justify using the object. Through interviewing this participant, I was surprised to find her so well read and currently learning Mandarin Chinese as her parents are not bilingual. The challenge was in getting this person to remain focused on the interview and not on everything that entered the room; although she agreed to be interviewed, she had difficulty expressing her feelings, as though she normally didn’t do that very often. I learned that children can be surprising in regards to what they know and are interested in. Adolescence (13-18) Iden tity versus Role Confusion. The young lady I interviewed for this section was 13 years old; she’s in the sixth grade, a ballerina, and on the local Sea Turtle Patrol.

Create a project plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Create a project plan - Essay Example This environment is rather so friendly and sophisticated to cultivate a culture of proficiency and also enhancing of the opportunity for the staff to grasp the know how about technology and computers. Bromberg, M (1989). The Information and Technology Help Desk enhances hardware and software technical support and other technical assistance to the management's team, the corporate administrators, employees and even company clients. The customer care in this case in conjunction with the network support experts should continue working to ensure that the state of the art services are offered both to clients and the employees in comparatively more conducive environment. The Information technological department on the extreme end should relentlessly offer on going training to support technological need of the company. This training centers on things like software and hardware installations, troubleshooting, support and maintenance. Support in various departments can be offered by technological internship programs; this can help out the company in facilitating personnel support. In the marketing department, finance department, front office and the planning office. The allotment of the interns should be evaluated after a period of twelve months to enhance versatility to adjust to changes in client needs and to employee changes. Darkwa, O., Mazibuko, F (2003). 1.1 Description of Project To deploy a comprehensive information and technology suit that fosters efficacy and accountability; the IT domain requires a financial portfolio of $ 37,710 from the companies' expenditure fee to cater for some recurring costs. The requisite below outlines the essential services required to maintain IT support across the company all estimated at $37,710 1. Certified expansion (training, seminars, conferences) Refuge augmentation, router configuration, web design Certified conference development for Windows, Macintosh and Unix operating systems 2. Hardware and tangential support and Maintenance concurrence Twelve-monthly preservations on routers, firewalls and switches (with Cisco system). Twelve monthly preservations on complex systems on servers (web, email, database) 3. Authorization contracts conservatory and maintenance (embraces; yearly revises with preservation patches, software's releases and firmware advancements). Antivirus, anti-Spam software Wireless security software 4. Homogeneous, anticipatory safeguarding procedures (comprehensive service agreements and assurance, crisis paraphernalia attainments) Tragedy recuperation and apparatus malfunction emergencies Astringent purveyors for specialized installations and troubleshooting. 5. Provisions in all departments; this consists of toner, paper, office supplies, and computer parts for proxy reasons. 6. Network installation to facilitate comprehensive marketing and corporate affiliation.Budget Quantity Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Price Hardware and software security, (Anti-virus) 1 $ 230 Laptops, 5 $ 10,000 Wireless, 1 $700 Printers, 2 $900 Network, 1 $200 Routers/Hubs/Wiring 10 $500 D-link switches: 5 $230 V-sat 1 $720 Photocopier 2 $1290 Scanner 3 $190 Dell

Abortion - Today's Contemporary Moral Issue Essay

Abortion - Today's Contemporary Moral Issue - Essay Example To date no convincing results could be procured rather it emerged as the most contentious of all the existing contemporary societal concerns of the present century (Ethics of Abortion: Is it Moral or Immoral to Have an Abortion). Abortion poses a ethical, societal, and therapeutic predicament that blend up poignant answers among disputants of the topic. Abortion is such an issue that carries two viewpoints encompassing choice and life. Life is present in the fetus right from the moment of conception, a fetus, or human embryo, is considered to be a living individual. Due to the act of abortion, the individual is divested from the survival and therefore for some abortion is considered to be equivalent to murder. The view is supported by the Catholic Church, as it is the moral responsibility to prevent every individual (Ethics of Abortion: Is it Moral or Immoral to Have an Abortion). On the contrary, decision to give birth to the young one is the right of the mother and there should not be any interventions. Thus it is a matter of fetal life but at the same time the issue is concerned with the upbringing of the child and also the consent of the mother who has to give birth to the baby (individual). The present article considers the philosophical facet of abortion, as it encompasses the ethical assessment of the proceedings. History reveals that abortion has always been a contemporary issue, the issue was prevalent even before the birth of Christ. Some traditional methods were prevalent to kill the unwanted fetus, although it was a legal as well as political concern. It was Plato (428- 347 BC) and Aristotle (384-322 BC) who maintained the outlook of abortion (Roos). Aristotle developed the thought of "delayed ensoulment" which had far reaching implications amongst intellectuals. He very well discriminated plants animals and humans and framed the view that the soul enters the human body once the body is fully formed. and also postulated the ensoulment as- for males it is forty days and for females it is eighty days. Roman law did not provide any legal standing to the infant till the family head accepts it (Roos). Later with the advent of Christianity life in womb was also considered to be sacred and therefore contradictions started which is prevailing even in the present situation (Roos). Abortion: a Cru cial Ethical Issue Abortion has been debated over the years on the political grounds to make a law and should be regarded as a murder of an individual or it should be left as a permissible issue leaving on the choice of the women. On the other hand it is believed by some that law must not legislate transience. It is also believed that all the laws must be made for good. A breakdown or stoppage to explicitly converse those morals and ethics could incomprehensible vital planning (Fetus, Humanity, Personhood: When Does a Fetus Become a Human Person with Rights). Could fetus be considered as an individual with rights? Debates related to abortion encompass the lawful eminence related to the fetus. Considering fetus as an individual, abortion is equivalent to the murder and therefore abortion is an illegitimate act. On the other hand, it is necessary to understand that it is the part of women's body and any state cannot compel a woman to continue with the pregnancy if the woman is not wil ling to maintain it to the complete term. Thus it should be an ethical choice and should not be a considered as a murder (Fetus, Humanity, Personhood: When Does a Fetus Become a Human Person with Rights). Female does possess Moral Responsibility towards the developing Fetus! In certain cases the contraception fails or the use of contraceptive means may turn out to be improper of

Exchanging Range of Fundamental Interactions

Exchanging Range of Fundamental Interactions 2-fctor change in the exchanging range of fundamental interactions S. S. Mortazavi, A. Farmany Department of Sciences, Hamedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan, Iran Abstract Minimal length uncertainty is used to study the fundamental interactions range. Both the quantum mechanical and the quantum gravitational effects are employed to calculate the range of exchanging interactions. It is shown that at the Planck scale, the range of interactions is 2- factor larger than the usual range of interactions. Introduction Study of unification of all fundamental interaction in the early universe is quite interesting problem in the both modern cosmology and quantum field theory point of view [1,2,3]. The modern scenario of the big bang cosmology at the early universe covered in the Weinberg’s First Three Minutes [4], and certain time regimes have been proposed with type of events as, before one Planck time, era of a Planck time, separation of the strong interaction, inflationary period, quark-antiquark period and finally the quark confinement. In this scenario, before the Planck time all of the four fundamental interactions are unified as one interaction etc [5]. Fundamental interactions are containing gravitation, electromagnetism, weak and strong interaction. However, because the effective QCD coupling is not small, performing a precise calculation f long-range strong interaction effects is problematic and we cannot use the perturbation theory [6]. At current analysis, the range of exchanging i nteraction [3] is calculated by taking into account the Heisenberg uncertainty principle that only considers the quantum effects. It is believed that the unification of fundamental interactions may accurse at the Planck regime. At the Planck regime, both the quantum and quantum gravitational effects are important. To have a complete analysis of exchanging interaction we must consider both quantum and quantum gravitational effects to our analysis. In this letter we have developed an approach related to the unification focusing on the effective range of interactions. Quantum field theory explains the exchanging of energy during the interactions via the interaction carriers, called bosons. The mechanism is based on the emitting particles which have no reality except to push or pull matter with the exchanging momentum. All fundamental interactions are involves the exchanging of one or more particles. For example the underlying color is involved an exchanging of particles labeled by gluo ns. Such exchanging interaction may be either attractive or repulsive, but is limited in the range by the nature of exchanging interaction that is constrained by the uncertainty principle. The separation of fundamental interactions in the early universe may be related to the separation of exchanging range of virtual particles based on the spontaneous symmetry breaking mechanism [1-5]. Alternatively, this may be viewed as a mechanism to separation of fundamental interactions. For example the range of color interaction is the shortest range and the range of gravity is the longer range. But in the early universe or in a very high energy probe there is unification between fundamental interactions. To obtain a complete picture of the range of exchanging interactions in a high-energy probe, it is important to consider both the quantum mechanical and quantum gravitational effects, by imposing the minimal length uncertainty relation. The problem is related to consider the quantum gravity effects on the exchanging interactions range. To study the quantum gravity effects on the exchanging particles, we can use the minimal length uncertainty [6-9], (1) Where is the Planck length. Dividing both side of relation (1) to the speed of light, we obtain a deformed form of usual time energy uncertainty as [9], (2) Where is the Planck time. Putting the natural units as, eq. (2) reads, (3) Solving (3) to minimum energy we obtain, (4) Expanding (4) around t’=0, obtains, (5) The energy of interaction which involves the exchanging particles is constrained by the uncertainty principle. According to special relativity a particle with mass of m has a rest energy as. So in the exchanging process, the particle does not go outside the constraints of uncertainty principle, (6) Combining (5) and (6) we give, (7) Theoretically, the exchanging particle virtual particle cannot exceed the speed of light and cannot travel faster than the speed of light c times than lifetime. Since the maximum range of a interaction () would be (8) The r.h.s of relation (8) have two term, the first term is the usual range of exchanging interaction and is a new term, this new term is obtained from the correction based on the minimal length uncertainty analysis. An important problem in the standard model is study of the unification of all fundamental interactions at the Planck time. If the usual range of fundamental interactions was compared with the range of fundamental interactions at the Planck scale, w obtain a surprising result. According to (8) each interaction contains two ranges of exchanging, and. If , then eq. (8) reads the usual range as, R usual (9) At the Planck time when, eq. (8) reads, (10) Comparing (9) with (10) we have, R planck = 2 R usual (11) From (11) it may be concluded that at the Planck scale, the range of interactions is 2- factor larger than the usual range of interactions. Conclusion A complete picture of the range of fundamental interactions may be obtained considering both the quantum mechanical and quantum gravitational effects. Using minimal length uncertainty the range of exchanging virtual particles is calculated. As shown by (11) at the Planck regime, the range of interactions is 2- factor larger than usual one. It is found that in the exchanging process of fundamental interactions, the mass of the carrier interactions (bosons) is an effective parameter. References [1] S. R. Coleman and E. Weinberg, Phys. Rev. D7, 1888 (1973). [2] J. Goldstone, Nuovo Cim. 19, 154 (1961), J. Goldstone, A. Salam, and S. Weinberg, Phys. Rev.127, (1962) 965, J. Nambu and G. Jona-Lasinio, Phys. Rev. 122 (1961) 345. [3] H. B. Nielsen and S. Chadha, Nucl. Phys. B105, (1976) 445. [4] P. Gaete and E. I. Guendelman, Phys. Lett. B640, 201 (2006) P. Gaete, E. Guendelman, E. Spallucci, Phys. Lett. B649: 218-224, 2007 V. A. Miransky and I. A. Shovkovy, Phys. Rev. Lett. 88,111601 (2002). T. Brauner, Phys. Rev. D72, 076002 (2005),J. van Wezel, J. van den Brink, arXiv:physics/0609177, H. Fritzsch, M. Spannowsky, Europhys.Lett. 75 (2006) 882-886, X. Calmet Eur. Phys. J. C, 28 (2003) 451-454 ; X.Calmet and J.F. Oliver hep-ph/0606209 (2006). [5] S. Glasho, H. Georgi, Phys. Rev. Lett. 32, 438 (1974), H. Fritzsch and P. Minkowski, Annals Phys. 93 (1975) 193; H. Georgi, in Particles and Fields, (AIP, New York, 1975). H. Georgi, H. R. Quinn and S. Weinberg, Phys. Rev. Lett. 33 (1974) 451. P. Cziffra, M. H. MacGregor, M. J. Moravcsik, H. P. Stapp, Phys. Rev. 114(1959)880 P. Signell, Phys. Rev. Lett. 5(1960)1474 J. Binstock, R. Bryan, Phys. Rev. D 4(1971)1341 J. L. Friar, B. F. Gibson, G. L. Payne Phys. Rev. C 30 (1984)1084, [6] P. V. Landshoff, Acta Physica Polonica B 39(2008)2063 [7] R. Adler, Mod. Phys. Lett .A 14 (1999)1371, R. Adler, P. Chen, D. Santiago, Gen. Rel. Grav. 33 (2001) 2101, A. Kempf, G. Managano, Phys. Rev. D 55 (1997) 7909, M. Maggior, Phys. Rev. D 49(1994)5182 , [8] S. Hossenfelder et al, Phys.Rev. D73 (2006) 105013, Phys.Lett. B632 (2006) 379-383 [9] A. Farmany. S. Abbasi, A. Naghipour, Phys. Lett. B 650(2007)33, ibid Erratum 659 (2008) 913

Essay --

En Marà ­a el trama es ingenuo se describe el amor de Efraà ­n y Marà ­a de una manera sincera y inocente hasta que ocurre la muerte de la protagonista. La novela sentimental se identifica porque siempre tiene una pareja enamorados con diferentes problemas. Donde los hechos se desarrollaron en una forma directa, y aunque Isaacs narra en primera persona, es sabio todo lo conoce. Teniendo el conocimiento de lo que ocurre significa que la novela fue creada con elementos autobiogrà ¡ficos con aspectos de su propia vida. Esta novela presenta caracterà ­sticas importantes que utilizan en novelas romà ¡nticas como el romanticismo, costumbrismo y el realismo. En esta novela discutimos en la clase que contiene informacià ³n autobiogrà ¡fica del autor Jorge Isaacs. El vivià ³ en la casa donde se describe que era la casa de Efraà ­n donde se desarrollo el idilio en la hacienda llamada â€Å"el paraà ­so†. Conociendo detalles del autor hace entender la novela mas, como Isaacs siendo hijo de padres judà ­os igual que Efraà ­n convertido al cristianismo. Ambos estuvieron interesados en las mismas lecturas y estudiaron la poesà ­a, tambià ©n queriendo ser doctores. En esta novela se caracterizan muchos elementos importantes de una novela romà ¡ntica como la idealizacià ³n de la naturaleza. La abstraccià ³n del paisaje y la personificacià ³n caracteriza gran parte de las novelas romà ¡nticas. La cuidad del Cauca donde el autor pasà ³ su nià ±ez y mayorà ­a de su vida es donde ocurre el romance, porque Marà ­a fue adoptada por sus padres ella fue a vivir a esa casa. En que los dueà ±os, y esclavos viven del amor cristiano. La convivencia es normal a pesar de la diferencia social y econà ³micamente. Igual que la idealizacià ³n en esta novela el romanticismo està ¡ representado por varias formas. En ... ...a donde es posible estarlo en esa posicià ³n. Isaacs expone su preocupacià ³n por el realismo al prohibir la inhumanidad de lo que era la esclavitud. Las maneras de los personajes realistas se imponen en dos socios de Efraà ­n. Por ejemplo, â€Å"Pude notar que mi padre, sin dejar de ser amo, daba un trato carià ±oso a sus esclavos, se mostraba celoso por la buena conducta de sus esposas y acariciaba a los nià ±os.† Los personajes Carlos y Emigdio. Los à ºnicos personajes romà ¡ntica as son Marà ­a y la mama de Efraà ­n. Efraà ­n tiene la personalidad de su creador con cierta idealizacià ³n. El ser perfecto es grande en esta novela, la ambicià ³n de Efraà ­n y su amor imposible hace que separe a los dos. El realismo se nota en esta novela por los personajes menores como los esclavos y la clase baja. Los actores secundarios està ¡n presentados de una manera realista, y no idealizan nada romà ¡ntico.

Politics of Backstabbing Essay

Due to the result of such illegitimate political approach, Mr. Rosen was demoted while his colleague was promoted. Shortly after the incident, Mr. Rosen resigned with many questions unanswered (Robbins and Judge, 2007, p. 497). Warning These types of incidents are very common in the workplace as some people would use political games to move ahead. In my opinion Mr. Rosen needs to communicate ith his colleague and solve this issue in a friendly kind of way, to avoid any complication in the future. Be straight forward about his concern and bring up the comments and the abnormal behavior that affecting him. During the conversation Mr. Rosen should offer his assistant if ever needed as a reminder of working as a team. Anyone should feel at peace and concentrate on doing their Job without feeling like being watched or being stabbed in the back. Be sure to keep a written record, dated, time, and every event for future need. Manager or criticize the view. If there was no improvement, Mr. Rosen should take the next step by talking to his manager about his concern and ask for his manager advice to appropriately approach the issue. To avoid the negative repercussions that can come from backstabbing and other illegitimate behavior, manager should research and verify the incident. Never by pass your manager by going straight to the next level, because this can be much more complicated. Present your manager, the fact with any supportive written records you might have and pressing on the fact that this causing your Job’s performance and stress, and would lead to health issues. Backstabbers often claim to be a friend with their victims and act, as if they are hesitant about sharing negative information due to the friendship. Backstabbers aren’t our friend and we should be cautious and prepared of their existent. H. R. Dept. and the Chain of Command The next level can be accelerated to the human resource department if there is no improvement after reporting to the manager. Explain the fact that he had already taken all the necessary actions before proceeding to the H. R. Department. Again, Mr. Rosen will need to press firmly that this dilemma is causing his Job’s performance nd stress that will hurt not only him individually, but this will also impact the company performance as a whole. At this point, human resource should gather any necessary information and take appropriate actions. Hopefully, this is your last stop and be prepared if this doesn’t work, then elevate to the chain of command. There is a reason to every problem, and every problem needs to be resolved. Be sure to keep a written record of all time during this dilemma, since it will be needed to go to the chain of command. Write a complain letter with supportive documents include ritten records and present it to the chain of command and explain that this behavior is causing a hostile work environment. Conclusion One of the most political actions in organizations has consistently found to be promotion decisions. The opportunity for promotions or advancement encourages people to compete for limited resources and positively influence the decision’s outcome. Threatened with the loss of resources people may engage in political actions to safeguard what they have. Certain personality traits, needs, and other factors have been found by some researcher that is likely to be related to political behavior. However, any changes, especially those that imply significant reallocation of resources within the organization are likely to stimulate conflict and increase politicking. Many researches focuses on backstabbing aimed at organizations, but most sabotage is intended to harm a colleague, and generally benefits the perpetrator. It’s not easy to identify back stabber’s motivation. Backstabbers are jealous and generally insecure in themselves. They are very cruel and enjoy hurting others. It is never Justifiable to partake in backstabbing or any other illegitimate political behavior as soon, or later they’ll be caught and suffer the consequences.

Free Essays on Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

The Origins of Cognitive Behavior Therapy Cognitive behavior therapy was devised in the late 1950s and early 1960s by Albert Ellis, Ph.D. in New York and by Aaron Beck, M.D. in Philadelphia. Although they worked independently of each other, both Ellis and Beck had grown dissatisfied with the traditional Freudian psychoanalytic therapies. Though both of these men trained with Freud, they believed that peoples’ conscious beliefs and thought processes were very important in understanding how people became depressed, anxious, or disturbed. Freudian psychoanalytic theory, on the other hand, tended to de-emphasize conscious thought. By the late 1950s, advances in behavioral science and experimental psychology had raised questions of the main assumptions of psychoanalysis, and new theories of the human mind were being introduced. â€Å"There are actually several kinds of Cognitive-Behavioral therapies (spelled behavioural in British English), employing the same general premise: in contrast to the psychodynamic emphasis on insight into unconscious motivation, the cognitive-behavioral therapies emphasize the ability of people to make changes in their lives without having to understand why the change occurs.† (Richmond, 2001) The Theory behind Cognitive Behavior Therapy By 1962, research into human emotion found that people’s thoughts, beliefs, and assumptions regarding events were important in guiding emotional experience (Carson, B.M. 2000). For example, important research showed that people labeled their physiological arousal according to the environmental situation they perceived. Experiments demonstrated that the physical effects of adrenaline could be labeled as fear, anger, or giddiness, depending on the person’s assumptions and thoughts about their situation. Because people's thoughts had such powerful effects on their emotional experience and emotional behavior, scientists were forced to devise new theories to account for th... Free Essays on Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Free Essays on Cognitive Behavioral Therapy The Origins of Cognitive Behavior Therapy Cognitive behavior therapy was devised in the late 1950s and early 1960s by Albert Ellis, Ph.D. in New York and by Aaron Beck, M.D. in Philadelphia. Although they worked independently of each other, both Ellis and Beck had grown dissatisfied with the traditional Freudian psychoanalytic therapies. Though both of these men trained with Freud, they believed that peoples’ conscious beliefs and thought processes were very important in understanding how people became depressed, anxious, or disturbed. Freudian psychoanalytic theory, on the other hand, tended to de-emphasize conscious thought. By the late 1950s, advances in behavioral science and experimental psychology had raised questions of the main assumptions of psychoanalysis, and new theories of the human mind were being introduced. â€Å"There are actually several kinds of Cognitive-Behavioral therapies (spelled behavioural in British English), employing the same general premise: in contrast to the psychodynamic emphasis on insight into unconscious motivation, the cognitive-behavioral therapies emphasize the ability of people to make changes in their lives without having to understand why the change occurs.† (Richmond, 2001) The Theory behind Cognitive Behavior Therapy By 1962, research into human emotion found that people’s thoughts, beliefs, and assumptions regarding events were important in guiding emotional experience (Carson, B.M. 2000). For example, important research showed that people labeled their physiological arousal according to the environmental situation they perceived. Experiments demonstrated that the physical effects of adrenaline could be labeled as fear, anger, or giddiness, depending on the person’s assumptions and thoughts about their situation. Because people's thoughts had such powerful effects on their emotional experience and emotional behavior, scientists were forced to devise new theories to account for th...

Performance-Based Pay Essays

Performance-Based Pay Essays Performance-Based Pay Paper Performance-Based Pay Paper Essay on Performance-Based Pay Organizations pay salaries to their employees based on the type of services rendered. Salary levels rise system is one of the most critical elements in strategic human resource management. This is primarily due to the role played by rewards and compensation system in determining employee productivity. Rewarding the employee on the basis of his productivity or performance generates enthusiasm and interest within the employee to perform better. Moreover, this approach tends to increase the level of motivation encouraging him to perform better. An intrinsic part of rewards and compensation strategy is performance management that seeks excellence and high quality work from the work force. The study highlights various theories in relation to performance related pay and associated human resource strategy. The discussion provides an insight into essential features of performance related pay such as motivation, performance management, appraisals, feedback, and learning that play a vital role in creating effective performance related pay strategies. It also identifies some practical problems faced by managers and strategic alternatives that can effectively meet these challenges. What is performance related pay? Performance related pay is the financial compensation paid to an employee based on his work performance. It translates to rewarding employees for effective performance. Bruno Frey (2002) observes in his book Successful Management by Motivation â€Å"Variable performance related pay has become an increasingly popular form of compensation. The key to performance related pay is that compensation is adjusted to reflect an employee’s individual performance. † This form of compensation is similar to rewards system adopted by organizations to motivate their work force and extract higher quality work. Performance related pay has been practiced by a large number of organizations since the inception of trade and commerce. The system has now evolved to include identification of measurable parameters while assessing performance, use of positive reinforcement and feedback mechanism to instill confidence within employees, and ongoing training development sessions to equip the workforce to meet operational challenges. Theoretical bases of performance related pay Rewarding an employee with financial compensation is a form of motivation that is intended to increase productivity and encourage others within the organization to strive harder to reach the specified performance targets. Motivation has been defined as the â€Å"driving force that determines the direction and strength of goal-oriented behaviors† (Preker, 2007; pg 240). Performance based pay schemes have failed in many instances to motivate the employees to the desired level of performance. Many explanations have been given for this failure and it is to some extent attributed to the amount of compensation in lieu of the hard work and the management fairness during performance appraisals. Vroom’s expectancy theory and the Adam’s equity theory provide explanation to the fundamental problems faced during the process of deciding the level of compensation. Pros and Cons of Performance-Based Pay Advantages The first and most important advantage to performance-based pay is that this type of pay is a fantastic motivator. Simply for a worker to get more money, which is the case in nearly every job, he needs to work harder. This pay system is great for retaining key talent the organization has and getting unmotivated individuals to improve productivity. For a sales person, performance- based pay motivates you too sell your product, since it is the only way that you are going to get paid. There is also a feeling of accomplishment when you get your income, its like a reflection of all the hard work you have put in the month or week. Another advantage to performance-based pay that I think is rather important is that amount of freedom that they might get, (depending where they work). For example, a salesperson would be interacting with customers, he wouldn’t be tied down to a strict schedule or be stuck behind a desk all day. Its also good as you can plan your day around personal appointments, like the dentist or your daughter’s piano recital. Another great advantage for an organization that offers a performance- based pay scheme would be that it is attractive to workers who are higher skilled than their co workers in the same category of work. For example, if I am an extremely experienced and educated sales rep, and I know I’m better than most people at the job, I want to work in a place that will recognize my talents and will also be reflected in my pay. So the organization will have access to a wider range of more educated and experienced workforce. This is extremely useful for an organization, especially in the current economic climate. Disadvantage of performance-based pay A disadvantage of performance-based pay that would contradict my previous advantage would be that motivation isn’t just as simple as money = happiness! Too little money will demotivate but more money will not necessarily increase satisfaction or monivation. (Herzberg) Abraham Maslows hierarchy of needs model of motivation has 5 levels of motivation. 1.physiological 2. Safety 3. Social 4. Self esteem 5. Self actualization. In the there are many other motivators than just financial incentives, like need to belong to a group, to make friends, to work towards job security and to work towards bettering yourself and your career. Once your basic needs are satisfied, other factors start to become more important. A contrasting view of this would be that, in early careers, some people find themselves working an insane amount of hours, and with a performance- based pay, there may not be a limit to the hours you can work, as you can spend a big amount of time building up a client list. Also if you have a certain sales goal to meet or making up for lost time at that dentist or the piano recital, you can sometimes find yourself working through the weekends or even very late into the evenings. In line with this, another disadvantage would be the financial instability. Your wage or salary cannot be sure. This would increase the tension of the employee. A good way to battle the tension or anxiety caused by performance- based pay would be to have some savings set aside for a rainy day or an emergency or if your performance hasn’t been up to par. This isn’t a great solution but it’s a way to help A disadvantage that I though went together in relation to my previous advantage (employees) is that employees that are working on the basis of performance- based pay, may only be inclined to actually do what is measured in their performance appraisal. For example, an employee who picks orders for customers in a warehouse for a wholesalers might have a daily goal or picking up to 14% of the orders placed in a day. He may have achieved that goal, but in the process of just meeting the target, he has caused long-term setbacks but ignoring tasks involved in the company, like restocking the shelves, which is not ideal for an organization. Another disadvantage to do with the employees is that this type of pay scheme can cause a split amongst employees. If some employees are not being rewarded as equal it can cause other employees to feel under appreciated or even start to have some resentment towards the employee who is getting the better rewards. This error can occur easily enough as not every single aspect of the job can be monitored. It can be prevented by putting strict and clear stipulations in place for the system.

Nelson Mandela and Mohanas Gandhi Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Nelson Mandela and Mohanas Gandhi - Essay Example Mandela fought selflessly for his people and was jailed for 27 years. However, once in power he did not retaliate, but instead chose to form the rainbow country. (Martin, 2013) Linguistic intelligence can be described as the ability to master, explore and use words to successfully communicate with others. Mandela was a great speaker who wooed and ‘wowed’ the crowd with his linguistic ability. While in prison, he convinced people to go on a hunger strike to coerce the authority to improve their living conditions. Gandhi was also a prolific speaker. He had a large collection of written works in different fields that are quoted, studied and admired all over the world. They also possessed Interpersonal intelligence. This is the ability to look at people outwardly and understand fears, motivations and intentions and then use that knowledge to influence people towards a desired goal. Gandhi upon reaching South Africa realized that his people were being mistreated and he therefore decided to fight for their rights. Mandela was also not happy with the apartheid regime that segregated his people. Since he could easily read their minds, he easily convinced them to use violent protests. Gandhi on the other hand convinced his people to uphold the non-violent disobedience policy even though they were being

Scientific American article about cholesterol Essay

Scientific American article about cholesterol - Essay Example s because, in the past, people used to think that altering the level of any of this would have an impact on the overall outcome on heart attacks occurrence and risk. After research, it was found out that lowering the levels of low density lipoproteins in the body had did not decrease the risk of one getting strokes or heart attack. The study also found out that increasing the levels of high density lipoproteins is not cardio-protective from heart attacks or the occurrence of strokes2. In as much as studies have been made on many causes of heart attack or stroke, people had believed that it was possible to lower the levels of low density lipoproteins to high density lipoproteins and improve one’s risks of getting heart attack or stroke. These research opened the eyes of many people especially doctors, since they were the ones dispensing drugs to convert low density lipoproteins to high density lipoproteins in order to achieve good cholesterol levels in the body. This research hence brought light to the people. From the study, giving of drugs that convert LDL to HDL may bring controversy. In the past, HDL was believed to be a transporter of cholesterol from the arteries to the liver. Low density lipoprotein in turn takes cholesterol from other places and deposits it to the arterial walls. Hence HDL is regarded as the good cholesterol and the LDL the bad cholesterol. LDL usually increases the risk of one developing blood clots since they can results to the formation of atherosclerotic plaque. More research will have to be done to ascertain other causes of heart attack or stroke other than these lipoproteins3. Many questions still remain to be answered. After finding out that there is no relationship between the risk of heart attack or stroke with HDL or LDL. More research still has to be done on the risk of heart attack or stroke. These days, more studies have been used to deduce other causes predisposing people to get heart conditions. Research is still made on